The Role of Women in Vedic and Smṛti Literature: A Study of Social and Cultural Contributions in Ancient India

Abstract

This research paper explores the pivotal role of women in ancient Indian society as depicted in Vedic and Smṛti literature, emphasizing their contributions to social, cultural, and religious spheres. The Vedas considered Śruti (divinely revealed texts), and Smṛtis, human-composed codes of conduct, provide a comprehensive framework for understanding women's status from the Rigvedic period through the Purāṇic age. The study highlights women's roles as educators, scholars, ritual participants, and cultural custodians, underscoring their influence in shaping societal values. In the Vedic era, women enjoyed significant autonomy, participating in intellectual pursuits, composing hymns, and performing rituals alongside men. Notable female ṛṣikās (seers) such as Ghoṣā, Apālā, and Viśvavārā contributed to the Rigveda, reflecting their scholarly prowess. The Smṛtis, while introducing certain restrictions, continued to emphasize women's indispensable role in maintaining dharma (duty) and family harmony. The paper examines the evolution of women's status across different periods, including the Indus Valley Civilization, Rigvedic age, Epic age, and Purāṇic age, analysing shifts in educational opportunities, marital practices, and social responsibilities. It also addresses the psychological and societal roles of women as mothers, wives, and community leaders, portraying them as versatile agents of cultural transmission. Despite later restrictions in some Smṛti texts, such as limited access to Vedic mantras, women were revered as embodiments of Śakti (divine energy) and integral to religious practices. By synthesizing primary textual evidence from the provided documents, this study argues that women were central to the upliftment of ancient Indian society, their contributions transcending domestic roles to impact philosophical, legal, and cultural domains. The paper concludes with reflections on the enduring legacy of these roles and their relevance to contemporary discussions on gender equality, supported by a detailed analysis of key Sanskrit texts and their interpretations.